The humanitarian sector stands at a pivotal moment in determining how to responsibly harness emerging technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to enhance the speed, precision, and impact of humanitarian action. Among these tools, mobile data holds particular promise for generating timely insights before, during, and after crises—informing mobility, displacement, climate preparedness, and targeted assistance. However, ethical, legal, and governance considerations remain a major and challenging milestone to secure, to ensure the responsible use and sharing of mobile data, especially in fragile and conflict-affected settings. To address these gaps, the GSMA Mobile for Humanitarian Innovation (M4H) programme has commissioned DPA to study how mobile data is currently used across humanitarian contexts and evaluate its value relative to associated risks. The research will examine how mobile network operators (MNOs) balance incentives, risks, and safeguards in data-sharing, analyze existing governance frameworks, and identify key enablers and barriers to scale and how humanitarian actors have used these data to support their work.